TY  - JOUR
Y1  - 2015/04//
IS  - 3
JF  - Research Policy
PB  - Elsevier
A1  - Morescalchi, Andrea
A1  - Pammolli, Fabio
A1  - Penner, Orion
A1  - Petersen, Alexander M.
A1  - Riccaboni, Massimo
SP  - 651 
VL  - 44
KW  - Geography of knowledge; Networks of innovators; European integration; Spatial proximity; Cross-border collaboration;
Gravity model
TI  - The evolution of networks of innovators within and across borders: Evidence from patent data 
AV  - none
UR  - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733314001905
SN  - 0048-7333
N2  - Recent studies on the geography of knowledge networks have documented a negative impact of physical distance and institutional borders upon research and development (R&D) collaborations. Though it is widely recognized that geographic constraints and national borders impede the diffusion of knowledge, less attention has been devoted to the temporal evolution of these constraints. In this study we use data on patents filed with the European Patent Office (EPO) for {OECD} countries to analyze the impact of physical distance and country borders on inter-regional links in four different networks over the period 1988?2009: (1) co-inventorship, (2) patent citations, (3) inventor mobility and (4) the location of R&D laboratories. We find the constraint imposed by country borders and distance decreased until mid-1990s then started to grow, particularly for distance. The intensity of European cross-country inventor collaborations increased at a higher pace than their non-European counterparts until 2004, with no significant relative progress thereafter. For geographical networks of mobility, R&D activities and patent citations we cannot detect any substantial progress in European research integration above and beyond the common global trend. 
ID  - eprints2609
EP  -  668
ER  -