@article{eprints636,
            year = {2009},
           title = {A Breath of Fresh Air? Firm Type, Scale, Scope, and Selection Effects in Drug Development},
          number = {10},
           pages = {1638--1653},
          volume = {55},
          author = {Fabio Pammolli and Ashish Arora and Alfonso Gambardella and Laura Magazzini},
       publisher = {INFORMS},
         journal = {Management Science},
        abstract = {This paper compares the innovation performance of established pharmaceutical firms and biotech companies, controlling for differences in the scale and scope of research. We develop a structural model to analyze more than 3,000 drug research and development projects advanced to preclinical and clinical trials in the United States between 1980 and 1994. Key to our approach is careful attention to the issue of selection. Firms choose which compounds to advance into clinical trials. This choice depends not only on the technical promise of the compound, but also on commercial considerations such as the expected profitability of the market or concerns about product cannibalization. After controlling for selection, we find that (a) even after controlling for scale and scope in research, established pharmaceutical firms are more innovative than newly entered biotech firms; (b) older biotech firms display selection behaviors and innovation performances similar to established pharmaceutical firms; and (c) compounds licensed during preclinical trials are as likely to succeed as internal compounds of the licensor, which is inconsistent with the "lemons" hypothesis in technology markets. },
             url = {http://eprints.imtlucca.it/636/},
        keywords = {firm capabilities; drug development process; market for technology}
}